Nelson
Mandela led South Africa from apartheid to multi-racial democracy and will be
mourned around the world
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| Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first black president, has died. Photograph: Mike Hutchings/Reuters |
Nelson Mandela, the towering figure of Africa's struggle for freedom and a hero to
millions around the world, has died at the age of 95.
South Africa's first black president died after years of declining health that had
caused him to withdraw from public life.
The death
of Mandela will send South Africa deep into mourning and self-reflection 18
years after he led the country from racial apartheid to inclusive democracy.
But his
passing will also be keenly felt by people around the world who revered Mandela
as one of history's last great statesmen, and a moral paragon comparable with
Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
It was a
transcendent act of forgiveness after spending 27 years in prison, 18 of them
on Robben Island, that will assure his place in history. With South Africa
facing possible civil war, Mandela sought reconciliation with the white
minority to build a new democracy.
He led the
African National Congress (ANC) to victory in the country's first multiracial
election in 1994. Unlike other African liberation leaders who cling to power,
such as Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe, he then voluntarily stepped down after one
term.
Mandela –
often affectionately known by his clan name, Madiba – was awarded the Nobel
peace prize in 1993.
At his
inauguration a year later, the new president said: "Never, never, and
never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression
of one by another ... the sun shall never set on so glorious a human
achievement. Let freedom reign. God bless Africa!"
Born
Rolihlahla Dalibhunga in a small village in the Eastern Cape on 18 July 1918,
Mandela was given his English name, Nelson, by a teacher at his school.
Mandela
joined the ANC in 1943 and became a co-founder of its youth league. In 1952, he
started South Africa's first black law firm with his partner, Oliver Tambo.
Mandela was a charming, charismatic figure with a passion for boxing – and an
eye for women. He once said: "I can't help it if the ladies take note of
me. I am not going to protest."
He married
his first wife, Evelyn Mase, in 1944. They were divorced in 1957 after having
three children. In 1958, he married Winnie Madikizela, who later campaigned to
free her husband from jail and became a key figure in the struggle.
When the
ANC was banned in 1960, Mandela went underground. After the Sharpeville
massacre, in which 69 black protesters were shot dead by police, he took the
difficult decision to launch an armed struggle.
He was
arrested and eventually charged with sabotage and attempting to violently
overthrow the government.
Conducting
his own defence in the Rivonia Trial in 1964, he said: "I have cherished
the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together
in harmony and with equal opportunities.
"It is
an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an
ideal for which I am prepared to die."
He escaped
the death penalty but was sentenced to life in prison, a huge blow to the ANC
that had to regroup to continue the struggle. But unrest grew in townships and
international pressure on the apartheid regime slowly tightened.
Finally, in
1990, then president FW de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and Mandela was
released from prison amid scenes of jubilation witnessed around the world.
In 1992,
Mandela divorced Winnie after she was convicted on charges of kidnapping and
accessory to assault.
His
presidency rode a wave of tremendous global goodwill but was not without its
difficulties. After leaving frontline politics in 1999, he admitted he should
have moved sooner against the spread of HIV/Aids.
His son died from an Aids-related illness. On his 80th birthday, Mandela married Graça
Machel, the widow of the former president of Mozambique. It was his third
marriage. In total, he had six children, of whom three daughters survive: Pumla
Makaziwe (Maki), Zenani and Zindziswa (Zindzi). He has 17 grandchildren and 14
great-grandchildren.
Mandela was
diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2001 and retired from public life, aged 85,
to be with his family and enjoy some "quiet reflection". But he
remained a beloved and venerated figure with countless buildings, streets and squares named after him. His every move was scrutinised and his health was a
constant source of media speculation.
Mandela
continued to make occasional appearances at ANC events and attended the
inauguration of the current president, Jacob Zuma. His 91st birthday was marked
by the first annual "Mandela Day" in his honour.
He was last
seen in public at the final of the 2010 World Cup in Johannesburg, a tournament
he had helped bring to South Africa for the first time. Early in 2011, he was
taken to hospital in a health scare but he recovered and was visited by Michelle Obama and her daughters a few months later.
In January
2012, he was notably missing from the ANC's centenary celebrations due to his
frail condition. With other giants of the movement such as Tambo and Walter
Sisulu having gone before Mandela, the defining chapter of Africa's oldest
liberation movement is now closed.
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